Martin Luther (resources)

This is a list of works by and about Martin Luther, the German theologian.

Works by Luther

Earliest editions

Wittenberg edition

Nineteen volumes published between 1539-1558. Twelve volumes of German and seven volumes of Latin works.

Volume 7, 1558, Wittenberg, Thomam Klug

Jena edition

Thirteen volumes published between 1555-1558. Eight volumes of German and four of Latin works. Two supplementary volumes were published at Eisleben, 1564-1565.

Volume 1 1556, Christians Rhodius
Volume 2.
Volume 3.
Volume 4 1557, Christians Rhodius

Collected works in German

Main article: Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works

Lutheranism

Luther's Seal

Book of Concord
Apostles' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Augsburg Confession Apology of the Augsburg Confession Luther's Small Catechism Luther's Large Catechism Smalcald Articles Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope Formula of Concord

Theology
Justification Law and Gospel Sola gratia Sola scriptura Christology Sanctification Two Kingdoms Priesthood of all believers Divine Providence Marian theology Theology of the Cross Sacramental Union

Sacraments & Rites
Baptism Eucharist Confession Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders

Globally
Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference International Lutheran Council Lutheran World Federation List of Lutheran church-bodies

History
Protestant Reformation The start of the Reformation Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein Reformation in Finland Reformation in Germany Reformation in Iceland Reformation in Sweden Lutheran Orthodoxy Gnesio-Lutherans Pietists Haugeans Laestadians Finnish Awakening Old Lutherans Neo-Lutherans High Church Lutherans Confessional Lutherans

Missionaries
John Campanius Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Hans Egede Johann Heinrich Callenberg Johann Phillip Fabricius Paul Henkel John Christian Frederick Heyer Karl Graul Martti Rautanen Wilhelm Sihler F. C. D. Wyneken Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder Lars Olsen Skrefsrud Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen Onesimos Nesib Paul Olaf Bodding Johann Flierl Christian Keyser

Bible Translators

Theologians

Lutheranism portal

D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe. 70 vols. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1883-.

Luther, Martin. D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe, 3 Band. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1885.
Luther, Martin. D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe, 13 Band. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1889.
Luther, Martin. D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe, 25 Band. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1902.

Translated collected works

The Works of Martin Luther. 6 vol.. Ed. and trans. by Adolph Spaeth, L. D. Reed, Henry Eyster Jacobs, et al.. Philadelphia: A. J. Holman Company. 1915 ff..
Select works Vol. II, tr. Henry Cole. London: W. Simkin and R. Marshall, 1826.
Select works Vol. III, tr. Henry Cole. London: W. Simkin and R. Marshall, 1826.
Martin Luther's Writings (Largest Online English Luther Library)

Luther, Martin. Luther's Works. 55 Volumes. Various translators. St. Louis, Minneapolis: Concordia Publishing House, Fortress Press, 1957-1986. (links currently down; although they are public domain they have been confused with other volumes that are not)

Luther's German Bible translation

D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Die Deutsche Bibel. 12 vols. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, 1906-61.
Die Luther-Bibel von 1534. Kolorierte Faksimileausgabe, 2 Bände und Begleitband (v. Stephan Füssel), Taschen Verlag, 2002 (Rezension und einige schöne Auszüge)
Biblia Germanica. Luther-Übersetzung 1545, Ausgabe letzter Hand. Faksimilierte Handausgabe nach dem im Besitz der Deutschen Bibelgesellschaft befindlichen Originaldruck; einspaltig. Mit zahlreichen Initialen und Holzschnitten des Meisters MS, an deren Gestaltung Luther selbst mitgewirkt hat. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1967. ISBN 3-438-05501-5
D. Martin Luther. Die gantze Heilige Schrifft. Der komplette Originaltext von 1545 in modernem Schriftbild. Hrsg. von Hans Volz unter Mitarbeit von Heinz Blanke; Textredaktion Friedrich Kur. Rogner & Bernhard, München 1972 (Neuausgabe: Ed. Lempertz, Bonn 2004), ISBN 3-933070-56-2
Die Luther-Bibel. Originalausgabe 1545 und revidierte Fassung 1912 (CD-ROM), Digitale Bibliothek 29, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89853-129-5 (Es handelt sich um Luthers frühneuhochdeutschen Text.)
Wikisource Lutherbibel
Die Bibel (lateinisch/deutsch)
Luthers Biblia 1545
Audio Bibel in der Lutherübersetzung zum Download
Lutherbibel von 1984
Text der Lutherbibel von 1912
Lutherdeutsch.de

Letters in German

D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Briefwechsel. 18 vols. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1930-85.
Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Werke. Briefwechsel. Ed. Ernst Ludwig Enders. Calw and Stuttgart.
Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Werke. Briefwechsel, Vierter Band. Ed. Ernst Ludwig Enders. Calw and Stuttgart, 1891.
Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Werke. Briefwechsel Fünfter Band. Ed. Ernst Ludwig Enders. Calw and Stuttgart, 1893.
Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Werke. Briefwechsel, Sechster Band. Ed. Ernst Ludwig Enders. Calw and Stuttgart, 1895.
Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Werke. Briefwechsel, Achter Band. Ed. Ernst Ludwig Enders. Calw and Stuttgart, 1898.
Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Werke. Briefwechsel, Zehnter Band. Ed. Ernst Ludwig Enders. Calw and Stuttgart, 1903.

Letters in English

Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, 2 vols., tr.and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. Vol. 1 (1507-1521) and Vol. 2 (1521-1530) from Google Books. Reprint of Vol. 1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). ISBN 1-59752-601-0
The Letters of Martin Luther, tr. Margaret, A. Currie. London: MacMillian, 1908.
Luther's Letters to Women, ed. K. Zimmermann, tr. Malcolm. London: Chapman and Hall, 1865.
A Simple Rite for the Ministry of a Pastor with a Demonically-Afflicted Person (Letter to Severin Schulze, June 1, 1545) from Luther: Letters of Spiritual Counsel. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1960, p. 52.)

English works

The Antichrist, Diggory Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-84685-804-8
The Word of God, Diggory Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-84685-683-9

Original works online

Works by Martin Luther (resources) at Zeno.org (German)
Project Wittenberg, an archive of Lutheran documents
95 Theses (study guide)
Smalcald Articles
Small Catechism
Large Catechism
Excerpts from Against the Murderous, Thieving Peasants
Martin Luther against Henry King of England trans. Buchanan, E.S. New York: Charles A. Swift, 1928
Full text of Luther Against the King of England also in:
Luther in England, or an answer by Anticipation: to a Certain Member of Parliament, and Student of Christ Church, Oxford, ed. by a late fellow of Oriel College, London, E. Palmer and Son, 1841, pp. 5–69. ISBN 1-4370-3005-X ISBN 978-1-4370-3005-1 [1]
The Bondage of the Will. Cole, Henry, London: W. Simkin and R. Marshall, 1823. (covenenter.org)
The Bondage of the Will. Cole, Henry, London: W. Simkin and R. Marshall, 1823. (Google Books)
Concerning Christian Liberty. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1910 (Part One) (Part Two) (Part Three)
Disputation On the Divinity and Humanity of Christ. (February 27, 1540) trans. Brown, Christopher.
Authority of Councils and Churches. tr. by C.B. Smyth. London: William Edward Painter, 1847.
Temporal Authority: To What Extent it Should Be Obeyed, 1523.
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church. trans. Steinhaeuser, Albert T.W. Philadelphia: A. J. Holman Company. 1915.
An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation. trans. Jacobs, C.M. in Works of Martin Luther With Introductionand Notes, Vol. 2. Philadelphia: A.J. Holman Co., 1915.
The Freedom of the Christian (On www.theologynetwork.org)
The First Commandment (On www.theologynetwork.org)

Commentaries

A manual of the Book of psalms: Or, The Subject-contents of All the Psalms, tr. Henry Cole. London: R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1837.
Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, tr. Theodore Graebner. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1949.
A commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, London: B. Blake, 1833.
A commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians Philadelphia: Smith, English & Co. Miller and Burlock, 1860.
Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans trans. Thornton, Andrew. Munich: Roger & Bernhard. 1972, vol. 2, pp. 2254-2268.

Sermons

A Selection of the Most Celebrated Sermons of Martin Luther, ed. K. Zimmermann, tr. Malcolm. New York: S. & D. A. Forbes, 1830
How Christians Should Regard Moses. trans. Bachmann, Theodore E. in Luther's Works (first ed., now public domain): Word and Sacrament I, Vol. 35. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1960, 161-174.
Dr. Martin Luther's House-Postil Vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Schulze, J.A. 1884.
Luther's Christmas Sermons: Epistles Vol. 1. trans. Lenker, Nicholas John et. al. Minneapolis: Luther Press, 1908.
Sermons on the Passion of Christ. Rock Island, Illinois: Lutheran Augustana Book Concern, 1871.

Autobiography

The Life of Luther Written by Himself, ed. M. Michelet. tr. William Hazlitt. London: George Bell and Sons, 1904.

Music

Luther: Hymns, Ballads, Chants, Truth. 4 CD recording. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005.
Martin Luther's Spiritual Songs, tr. Richard Massie. Chester: Hatchard & Son, 1854.
The Hymns of Martin Luther: Set to their original melodies; with an English version. ed. Bacon, Leonard Woolsey and Allen, Nathan H. Publishers: Charles Scribner's Sons, New York - 1883, Hodder & Stoughton, London - 1884.
List of Luther's Hymns

Table talk

D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Tischreden. 6 vols. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, 1912-21.
Luther's table talk; or, Some choice fragments from the familiar discourse of that godly man. ed. & trans. Charles Heel et al. London: A. & R. Spottiswoode. 1832
Luther's Table Talk: A Critical Study. New York: Columbia University Press, 1907. ISBN 0-7905-3865-2 from Google Books
Table Talk. London: Religious Tract Society.

Small and Large Catechism

"The Large Catechism." Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions: A Reader's Edition of the Book of Concord. Tr. W. H. T. Dau and G. F. Bente. Rev. and Updated by P. T. McCain, R. C. Baker, G. E. Veith and E. A. Engelbrecht. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 375-470.
Triglot Concordia. tr. and ed. F. Bente and W. H.T. Dau. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921.
"Enchiridion: The Small Catechism." Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions: A Reader's Edition of the Book of Concord. Tr. W. H. T. Dau and G. F. Bente. Rev. and Updated by P. T. McCain, R. C. Baker, G. E. Veith and E. A. Engelbrecht. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 333-374.
Triglot Concordia. tr. and ed. F. Bente and W. H.T. Dau. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921.

Smalcard articles

"The Smalcald Articles." Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions: A Reader's Edition of the Book of Concord. Tr. W. H. T. Dau and G. F. Bente. Rev. and Updated by P. T. McCain, R. C. Baker, G. E. Veith and E. A. Engelbrecht. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 279-313.

Triglot Concordia. Tr. and ed. W. H. T. Dau and G. F. Bente. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921.

Works about Luther

Protestant Reformation
Precursors Waldensians (I 12th century) Avignon Papacy (1309–77) John Wycliffe (E, 1320–84) Western Schism (1378–1417) Jan Hus (B, ~1369–1415) Hussite Wars (1420–~34) Northern Renaissance German mysticism The Start of the Reformation The Ninety-Five Theses German Peasants' War Schmalkaldic League Magisterial · Radical · Counter Protestant Reformers Martin Luther Philipp Melanchthon Thomas Müntzer Menno Simons Martin Bucer Olaus & Laurentius Petri Huldrych Zwingli John Calvin John Knox Primož Trubar Reformation by location Czech lands · Denmark-Norway and Holstein · England Germany · Italy · Netherlands · Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth · Scotland · Sweden · France · Switzerland

Books and papers

Acton, John. "Luther", in Lectures on Modern History. Macmillan, 1906. pp. 90–107.
Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995 (1950). ISBN 0-452-01146-9.
Berenbaum, Michael. "Anti-Semitism," Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed January 2, 2007.
Bornkamm, Heinrich. Luther in Mid-Career 1521-1530. Tr. E. Theodore Bachmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8006-0692-2.
Bornkamm, Heinrich. Luther's World of Thought. Martin H. Bertram, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1958. ISBN 0-7586-0832-2
Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. Tr. James L. Schaaf. 3 Volumes. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985-1993. ISBN 0-8006-2813-6, ISBN 0-8006-2814-4, ISBN 0-8006-2815-2.
Cole, Richard G. “Reformation Printers: Unsung Heroes” Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3. Autumn, 1984.
'Aubigne, Jean Henri Merle. The Triumph of Truth: A Life of Martin Luther. Tr. Henry White. Ed. Mark Sidwell. Bob Jones University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-89084-876-9.
Dickens, A.G. Martin Luther and the Reformation. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. ASIN: B0007DY59M.
Edwards, Mark U. Printing, propaganda, and Martin Luther. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1994.
Erikson, Erik H. "Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History." The Norton Library, W.W. Norton, New York, 1958, 1962. ISBN 0-3933-1036-13
Gerrish, Brian. Old Protestantism and the New.T and T Clark International, 1994.
Haile, H.G. Luther: An Experiment in Biography. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1980. ISBN 0-385-15960-9.
Hendrix, Scott H. "Luther and the Papacy." Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1981. ISBN 0-8006-0658-2.
Hendrix, Scott H. "Luther." (Abingdon Pillars of Theology series). Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-687-65641-7.
Hendrix, Scott H. "Martin Luther, Reformer," in The Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 6: Reform and Expansion 1500-1600, pp. 3–19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-81162-0.
Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
Holborn, Louise W. “Printing and the Growth of a Protestant Movement in Germany from 1517 to 1524,” Church History 11, No. 2 June, 1942.
Kittelson, James M. Luther the Reformer: The Story of the Man and His Career. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1986. ISBN 0-8066-2240-7.
Kolb, Robert. Martin Luther As Prophet, Teacher, Hero: Images of the Reformer, 1520-1620. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 2000. ISBN 0-8010-2214-2.
Lueker, Erwin et al. (eds.) "Luther, Martin", Christian Cyclopedia. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2000.
Manns, Peter. Martin Luther: An Illustrated Biography. New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1982. ISBN 0-8245-0510-7
Marius, Richard. Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Marty, Martin. Martin Luther: A Penguin Life. New York: Penguin, 2004. ISBN 0-670-03272-7
McKim, Donald K. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 58.
Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: BBC Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7
Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.
Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1-2.
Nohl, Frederick. Luther: Biography of a Reformer. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2003. ISBN 0-7586-0651-6
Oberman, Heiko A. Luther: Man Between God and the Devil. New York: Doubleday, 1989. ISBN 0-385-42278-4
Oberman, Heiko A. The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation.
James I. Porter, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8006-0709-0
Parshall, Peter. “The Vision of the Apocalypse in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In The Apocalypse and Shape of Things to Come, edited by Frances Carey. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999, 99-207.
Plass, Ewald M. This Is Luther: A Character Study. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1948 [Reprint, 1984]. ISBN 0-570-03942-8.
Plass, Ewald M. "Monasticism," in What Luther Says: An Anthology. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959, 2:964.
Polack, W.G. The Story of Luther. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1931.
Reu, John Michael. Luther and the Scriptures. Columbus, Ohio: The Wartburg Press, 1944. [Reprint: St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1980].
Reu, John Michael. Luther's German Bible: An Historical Presentation Together with a Collection of Sources. Columbus, Ohio: The Lutheran Book Concern, 1934. [Reprint: St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1984].
Ritter, Gerhard. Luther: His Life and Work. John Riches, trans. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. ISBN 0-313-20347-4.
Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. 8 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910.
Schwiebert, E.G. Luther and His Times. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950. ISBN 0-570-03246-6.
Scribner, Robert W. For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation. England: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Siemon-Netto, Uwe. The Fabricated Luther: the Rise and Fall of the Shirer Myth. Peter L. Berger, Foreword. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1995. ISBN 0-570-04800-1.
Stöhr, Martin. "Die Juden und Martin Luther," in Kremers, Heinz et al. (eds.) Martin Luther und die Juden; die Juden und Martin Luther. Neukirchener publishing house, Neukirchen Vluyn 1985, 1987 (2. Edition). p. 90.
Smith, Preserved.
Tjernagel, Neelak S. Martin Luther and the Jewish People. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 1985. ISBN 0-8100-0213-2
Todd, John M. Luther: A Life. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN 0-8245-0479-8 (Also at [2])
Triglot Concordia. Tr. and ed. W. H. T. Dau and G. F. Bente. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921.
Westerholm, Stephen. Israel's Law and the Church's Faith. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1988. ISBN 0-8028-0288-5
Spaeth, Adolph. An Original Account of Luther's death, Recently Discovered in the Krauth Memorial Library, Mount Airy, [reprint from The Lutheran church review, v. 29, no. 2, pp. 313–325] (1910) [3]

Audio

Martin Luther: Hymns, Ballads, Chants, Truth.
Introducing...Martin Luther. Four lectures by Dr. Michael Reeves on Luther's life and influence (on www.theologynetwork.org)

Films

1953: Martin Luther, theatrical film, with Niall MacGinnis as Luther; directed by Irving Pichel. Academy Award nominations for black & white cinematography and art/set direction. Re-released in 2002 on DVD in 4 languages.
1974: Luther, theatrical film (MPAA rating: PG), with Stacy Keach as Luther. Adapted from John Osborne's play.
1981: Where Luther Walked, documentary featuring the late Roland Bainton as guide and narrator, directed by Ray Christensen (VHS released in 1992), ISBN 1-56364-012-0
1983: Martin Luther: Heretic, TV presentation with Jonathan Pryce as Luther, directed by Norman Stone.
1983: Martin Luther: An Eye on Augsburg, a film funded by the Northern Illinois District of the LCMS with Rev. Robert Clausen as Luther.
2001: Opening the Door to Luther, travelogue hosted by Rick Steves. Sponsored by the ELCA.
2002: Martin Luther, a historical film from the Lion TV/PBS Empires series, with Timothy West as Luther, narrated by Liam Neeson and directed by Cassian Harrison.
2003: Luther, theatrical release (MPAA rating: PG-13), with Joseph Fiennes as Luther and directed by Eric Till. Partially funded by American and German Lutheran groups.

Online information on Luther and his work

External links

Works by or about Martin Luther in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
16th Century Reformation Reading Room: Extensive online Luther resources, Tyndale Seminary
Works by or about Martin Luther at Internet Archive - books scanned from major libraries.
Full List of Luther's Works, American Edition
Free scores by Martin Luther in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
Free scores by Martin Luther at the International Music Score Library Project
Luther: God's Volcano. Section on www.theologynetwork.org

Martin Luther

Works	A Sermon on Indulgences and Grace A Mighty Fortress Is Our God On War against the Turk Large Catechism Luther Bible On the Bondage of the Will On the Freedom of a Christian On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church Small Catechism The Adoration of the Sacrament The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics Theology of the Cross The Ninety-Five Theses To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Confession Concerning Christ's Supper On Secular Authority Formula missae Deutsche Messe Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants Smalcald Articles On the Jews and Their Lies Vom Schem Hamphoras On the Councils and the Church

Topics	Augsburg Confession Decet Romanum Pontificem Diet of Worms Exsurge Domine Lutheranism Luther rose Sacramental union Marian theology Antisemitism Words of Institution Propaganda during the Reformation Theology of Martin Luther Two kingdoms

People	Albert of Mainz Bartholomaeus Arnoldi Desiderius Erasmus Georg Rörer Johann Cochlaeus Johann von Staupitz Justus Jonas Hans and Margarethe Luther Karl von Miltitz Katharina von Bora Philipp Melanchthon Pope Leo X Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise